Caving in to Authority in Arthur Miller´s The Crucible

There are many universal truths in the world that reflect both today’s society and show up in different plays like The Crucible. People often â€Å"cave in† to â€Å"authority† figures for fear of being socially isolated; this is one of the many universal truth quotes. This quote is true in today’s society and in The Crucible. The quote says how people often give in to people with more power then them in the fear of being socially isolated. In The Crucible Abby has had all the power since act 1. She made Tituba cave into telling Hale that she had seen the devil and made her confess to witchcraft. (You have confessed to witchcraft Miller 15). At the very end of Act 1, Abby has more power than anyone does which makes everyone else believe anything she says. Therefore, she starts accusing many people of witchcraft along with Betty. This shows up in society in a high school. When someone gets too much power, everyone else starts to fear him or her because t hey do not want to be isolated or hurt by their words. A teenager with too much power can get out of control, as it did in The Crucible. Many people are blamed and hurt for something they did not do. More than 26% of high school students do not graduate per year due to bullying. In act 2, Abby still is over powering everyone, which has now made them fear her. The main person that does not fear her is John Proctor. Proctor tries to fight Abby to take away her power but once Abby accuses Elizabeth, Proctors wife, of being a witch he

Benjamin Franklin The Declaration Of Independence And...

Benjamin Franklin (born January 17th) was one of the founding fathers who drafted the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. He was a man of many talents and accomplished many great feats during his lifetime. Being born on January 17th makes him fall under the influence of Saturn, Capricorn and number 8. He was very hardworking, ambitious and enterprising. Starting from 12 years old he helped his brother compose pamphlets and he would personally sell those on the street. His brother didn’t let him write for the newspaper so he began writing pieces under a fictional name and slipping them under the door. These pieces became very popular with readers. Although hardworking, disciplined and diligent, people born under the combination of Capricorn/Saturn/8 can find themselves facing a lot of obstacles as if climbing an uphill battle. However as a result of this they become very resilient and able to recover from defeats and bounce back stronger than before. He is quoted as saying â€Å"Do not fear mistakes. You will know failure. Continue to reach out†. Although his career is remembered for all of its impressive accomplishments, he would have never known success had he not learned from his failure. He began a magazine that failed, invented an alphabet that cut out several letters we use today marking them as redundant, leaked important letters â€Å"the Hutchinson affair† and his son opposed him on the unification of colonies which he remembered in hisShow MoreRelatedBenjamin FranklinS Contributions To The American History1537 Words   |  7 Pages Benjamin Franklin s contributions to the American history Benjamin Franklin has a significant impact to the American Revolution and the building of a new nation. His brilliant inventions throughout his life made a significant impact on the United States and will be remembered for them in U.S history. Franklin had inventions like the Franklins stove, and the lightning rod, he also discovered electricity. His inventions and discoveries have changed lives from the first day it was introduced.Read MoreThe Founding Fathers Of The United States841 Words   |  4 Pagesto have a discussion with one of the founding fathers of the United States is aa very interest event in my life and time Sir. Benjamin Franklin: You are must welcome. May I ask your name and what year is this? Me: Yes Sir, My name is Pearl Lilly and I am a current Public Administration student and this is the years of 2016and I welcome you. Me: Sir, can you describe your position during the Constitution Convention. Benjamin Franklin: time was surely different, being that there are 10 founding fathersRead MoreEssay on Why I admire Benjamin Franklin706 Words   |  3 PagesBenjamin Franklin completed many accomplishments from childhood to adulthood. When he was just 22 he established his first printing business with a partner, Hugh Meredith. Benjamin soon bought out Hugh Merediths share. In 1732, when Franklin was only 26 he published the first edition of Poor Richards Almanack, the book shows evidence that it was successful for 25 years. Poor Richards Almanack allowed Franklin to retire from business a rich man in 1748. In 1741 Benjamin Franklin invented theRead MoreArgumentative Essay On The Declaration Of Independence1086 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Declaration of Independence. Jeffersons work went through a thorough process of editing and correcting by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin before the release of the final version in 1776. The purpose of the document is to unite the citizens an d convince them to rally against the tyrannous king of Great Britain. Franklin and Adams edit this document in a specific way so that it does not exclude any of the oppressed. They accomplish this by removing certain statements about independence, happinessRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The Us Constitution1746 Words   |  7 PagesNo documents have had a greater influence on the citizens of our country than the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. The Declaration of Independence marked the birth of our republic and set forth our â€Å"unalienable rights† to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Later, the Constitution outlined our style of government and defined the rights that are protected from intrusion by government. These documents have been a beacon to all men and women who value freedom. They areRead MoreBenjamin Franklin And His Contributions1192 Words   |  5 PagesLandon Schmitt Government, 8th period Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin â€Å"Could someone light a candle I can’t see?† â€Å"Wow I could really use some decent glasses†. These might be typical sayings you would hear had it not of been for one of our founding fathers Benjamin Franklin. I choose Benjamin Franklin to write my essay about Benjamin Franklin because without him and all of his contributions to society then we wouldn’t have the modern convinces that the people of my generation take for grantedRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence and the Struggle for Equality DBQ1000 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Declaration of Independence and the Struggle for Equality DBQ† â€Å"In what way and to what extent does the Declaration of Independence serve as a benchmark for the actions of disenfranchised or otherwise oppressed citizens of the United States of America?† The Declaration of Independence, since July 4th, 1776, has continued to always become a guideline to protect those who are oppressed. â€Å"We hold these Truths to be self-evident, â€Å"that all Men are created equal,† that they are endowed by theirRead MoreThe Birth Of Benjamin Franklin1014 Words   |  5 PagesIn January of 1706 the future of America was changed forever with the birth of Benjamin Franklin. Born in Boston, Massachusetts Ben was the son of Josiah Franklin and Abiah Folger, Ben was the youngest son of 17 children. Josiah was a soap maker and he wanted Benjamin to enter the clergy. Ben went to South Grammar School where he excelled, he even skipped a grade. Unfortunately with such a large family, Josiah was unable to afford the education that it took to become a clergyman. Ben only had theRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin1367 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Matheny HIST 2020 A.P. Tammy Prater 23 November 2014 Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is a detailed account of the illustrious experiences of Benjamin Franklin. Though the cultural differences in writing has changed since the 18th century one can learn a lot about one of America’s greatest forefathers through this book. It accounts for Franklin’s life when he was born January 17th, 1706 till the year 1757. Unfortunately, he died in 1790 and was never able to finishRead More Benjamin Franklin Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesBenjamin Franklin was born on Milk Street in Boston on January 17th, 1706. His father was Josiah Franklin, a candle and soap maker. His mother was Abiah Folger and she was Josiahs second wife. Benjamin Franklin was the youngest son of 17 children. Benjamin attended Boston Latin School for two years but did not graduate because of lack of money; however he continued his education by reading great quantities. His parents wanted him to go into the church, however at age 10 his schooling ended and he

What Are The Concepts Of Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Sustainability as a construct has no universally acceptable definition or a clearly defined planetary modus operandi to measure and mensurate its intergenerational additions. Despite going a really popular term in modern-day society, the construct is mostly context and perspective dependant ; as it can be taken to intend different things to different people, at different minutes in clip ( Kruyt et al. , 2009 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on What Are The Concepts Of Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å" Before now, many people were non cognizant of what sustainability is, and its deductions to human being. Even as its consciousness is increasing, the built-in ambiguity of the topic remains an issue of planetary argument † ( Mbasuen, 2009 ) . In malice of this equivocal nature, our bounds to technological and economic growings, due to human development as predicted in past scholarship underpin the focal issue on sustainability today ( Malthus, 1798 ) , ( Hotelling, 1931 ) and ( Meadows et al. , 1972 ) . â€Å" In a command, to unknot the mystery of this term, several definitions and visualising images of sustainability have evolved † ( Mbasuen, 2009 ) . However, the most popular of these definitions remains the UN definition in Brundtland Report ( Our Common Future, 1987 ) ; which conceptually explores sustainability in three dimensions to underpin economic, environmental and societal sustainability ; ( Triple Bottom Line ) attack ( Elkington, 2004 ) . However, mainstream sustainability minds â€Å" believe that the definition is obscure and did non underpin any particulars within the myriad of issues concerned with ‘Our Common Future ‘ which we are taking at † ( Mbasuen, 2009 ) . As a effect, many people view the construct to include other dimensions such institutional and even political sustainability, while others such as ( Dietz and Neumayer, 2007 ; Neumayer, 2010 ) pitch their collapsible shelters with opposing positions of weak versus strong sustainability. Despite the elusive nature of this construct, Sustainability Assessment ( SA ) on the other manus is less equivocal, and can be defined as a formal procedure of identifying, foretelling and measuring the possible impacts of an enterprise ( such as a statute law, ordinance, policy program programme and undertaking ) and its options on the sustainable development of society. ( Govender et al. , 2006 ) . It is a new and germinating construct in environmental appraisal, germinating from plants carried out by environmental impact appraisal ( EIA ) and strategic environmental appraisal ( SEA ) practicians ( Sheate et al. , 2003 ; Pope et al. , 2004 ) . It is progressively being seen as a tool in the ‘family ‘ of impact appraisal processes ( Hacking and Guthrie, 2008 ) that is used to develop new techniques and attacks to impact appraisal that are designed to direct planning and decision-making towards sustainable development ( SD ) ( Pope et al. , 2004 ) . It involves the integrating of the biophysical environmental, societal and economic pillars of sustainability into determination devising in a manner that acknowledges their inter-relatedness. ( Govender et al. , 2006 ) . The increasing degree of political committedness to the rule of Sustainable Development has made SA a common determination doing tool ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ; Govender et al. , 2006 ; Pope et al. , 2004 ) . The majority of research on SA has originated in Canada, Europe and the UK, however, there are still really few illustrations of effectual SA procedures implemented in the universe ( Gibson, 2006 ; Pope et al. , 2004 ) . Some illustrations can been seen in Western Australia ( Pope and Grace 2006 ) and South Africa of which many are really illustrations of ‘integrated appraisal ‘ , derived from environmental impact appraisal ( EIA ) and strategic environmental appraisal ( SEA ) ( Govender et al. , 2006 ; Pope et al. , 2004 ) . The term ‘Sustainability Appraisal ‘ is used in the UK to separate conventional SEA with a biophysical focal point from a signifier of strategic appraisal that besides covers societal and economic impacts ( Dalal-Clayton and Sadler, 2005 ) . Govender et al. , ( 2006 ) argue that what is called Sustainability Assessment/Appraisal in some states is fundamentally the same as SEA in South Africa. This whole construct of sustainability or sustainable development was foremost described by the Brundtland Commission in 1987: as † †¦ development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands † ( World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, p.9 ) . The Rio Earth Summit which took topographic point in 1992 farther set out a series of action points for accomplishing Sustainable development ( SD ) and besides advocates the usage of impact appraisal tools to turn to SD ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . However, as noted earlier at that place seems to be no consensus in the significance of SD as there are several conflicting readings. This was indicated by O’Riordan ( 2000, p.30 ) â€Å" there is no clear understanding as to what sustainable development is, every tract begins and ends at different pointsaˆÂ ¦ † and harmonizing to Williams and Millington ( 2004 ) , this is because the inquiry of how to conjoin demands and resources can be answered in a figure of different ways. For illustration what is sustainable and unsustainable, over what clip span is sustainability achieved and how are natural bounds defined and assessed? ( Barrett and Grizzle 1999 ; Lawrence, 1997 ) . Therefore, for SA pattern to accomplish sustainable results, it needs to acknowledge that different stakeholders have different framings of what SA outcomes should be ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . Understanding Sustainability The being of multiple definitions of sustainable development already poses a job for sustainability appraisal ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . Common to all definitions are two cardinal rule ; intragenerational and intergenerational equity and two cardinal constructs ; demands and bounds ( Carter, 2001 ) . How these facets are interpreted has been the issue of argument seen in most literature. One peculiar issue is the different signifiers of sustainability ; weak and strong ( George, 1999 ) . Williams and Millington ( 2004 ) referred to ‘weak sustainability ‘ or ‘shallow environmentalism ‘ as a state of affairs in which one needs to spread out the stock of resources by developing renewable resources, making replacements for non-renewable resources, doing more effectual usage of bing resources, and/or by seeking for technological solutions to jobs such as resource depletion and pollution. Whereas ‘strong sustainability ‘ or ‘deep ecology ‘ is a state of affairs in which the demands that we make on the Earth need to be revised so that we consume less ( that is ; instead than accommodate the Earth to accommodate ourselves, we adapt ourselves to run into the finiteness of nature ) . This statement is further extended to environmental appraisal ( EA ) and many advocators of EA view the integrating of societal and economic issues in SA as a possible mechanism for legalizing the trading off environmental concerns for socio-econmoic additions ( Sheate et al. , 2003 ; Morrison-Saunders and Fischer, 2006 ; Pope and Grace 2006 ) . These differing positions of both strong and weak sustainability can been seen in current patterns. For illustration in Western Australia, SA builds upon a strong civilization of undertaking environmental impact appraisal, enabled by the Environmental Protection Act 1986, to include societal and economic considerations every bit good as environmental issues, thereby maximises ‘win-win-wins ‘ and minimises tradeoffs ( Pope et al. , 2005 ) . Although this tends to back up strong sustainability, pattern nevertheless shows what different as seen in the Gorgon gas development on Barrow Island ( Class A Nature Reserve ) . The Western Australian Government approved the development when environmental impacts were clearly negative ; that is set abouting environmental tradeoffs in favour economic and societal benefits ( Pope et al. , 2004 ; Pope et al. , 2005 ) . This is similar to the ‘weak ‘ construct of sustainability. Besides in the UK, SA in geared towards programs and programmes. Therivel et al. , ( 2009 ) analyzed 45 Sustainability Appraisals conducted in England based on their nucleus schemes ( societal, economic or environmental classs ) . They concluded that the programs will hold good societal and economic effects, but negative environmental effects. They besides pointed out that SA does non place environmental sustainable developments, or the acceptable tradeoff between environmental costs and social/economic benefits. Thereby connoting that SAs are most likely non using sustainability rules, since they are neither placing what ‘living within environmental bounds ‘ are nor proving nucleus schemes against them. The argument about sustainability is fundamentally in three classs ; protecting the natural environment, progressing economic public assistance, and supplying basic human demands. For some people human overuse of the natural environment finally threatens human endurance while others will reason that some depletion of natural resources is inevitable, for economic growing. ( Barrett and Grizzle 1999 ) . This would inevitable impact how results of SA are been seen as been sustainable or unsustainable. Besides existent pattern is different from Governments initial scheme as seen in the Western Australian instance ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . Time Scales Another of import facet in the definition of sustainable development is equity among current and future coevalss. Harmonizing to George ( 1999 ) the duplicate pillars of sustainable development are intergenerational equity ( a necessary status for sustainability ) and intragenerational equity ( a necessary status for development ) . The care of both intragenerational and intergenerational equity ; means that present development must take into history current demands of people present and besides demands of future coevals ( Barrett and Grizzle 1999 ) . This construct was clearly stated in the Brundtland Report ( World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 ) . Merely as there are different readings of the significance of sustainability, besides there are different positions on how equity should be maintained across coevalss. For Pearce and Warford ( 1993 ) , intergenerational equity, means that development should procure additions in the public assistance of the current coevals provided that public assistance in the hereafter does non diminish, while for Howarth, ( 2007 p.6 ) , who proposed the ‘fair sharing rule ‘ ; â€Å" each member of present and future society is entitled to portion reasonably in the benefits derived from environmental resources. Specific stocks of environmental resources should non be depleted without rendering merely compensation to members of future coevalss † , believes that future coevalss hold a presumptive right to inherit peculiar environmental resources in an unrelieved province. Besides both positions can be said to back up the constructs of weak and strong sustainability. Hence, as noted by Barrett and Grizzle ( 1999 ) , doing environmentally sustainable policy therefore requires the rapprochement of different communities ‘ divergent involvements in ecosystem care and intragenerational and intergenerational distribution. Another job for SA noted by Bond and Morrison-Saunders ( 2011 ) is the uncertainness and vagueness of the boundaries for intragenerational and intergenerational equity. They farther explained that clip continuance of a coevals would change depending on the part were one lives. This can be clearly seen in the different life anticipation values for different states. For illustration, the estimated value for the UK is 80 old ages while that of Nigeria is 47 old ages in 2011 ( Central Intelligence Agency, 2009 ) . A authoritative illustration is the CoRWM radioactive waste study. The study indicated that around 300,000 old ages would hold to go through until radioactive decay would be sufficient for the activity of the fuel to return to that of the natural U ore from which it was originally produced ( CoRWM, 2006 ) . Despite the fact that the general position among the commission is that the present coevals should take the load imposed by its actions from the hereafter, the hard faced is the fact that institutional control, the clip period over which a Government is expected to be in being with cognition and resources to manage any originating issues, was assumed to be a period of around 300 old ages ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ; CoRWM, 2006 ) . Another illustration is the Western Australian Government Gorgon gas development on Barrow Island. Bond and Morrison-Saunders ( 2011 ) indicated that the gas processing installations designed for an operational lifetime of 30 old ages, is at odds with the sustainability standards which promises ‘long-term ‘ economic growing for the Pilbara part and Western Australia in general. This ill-defined significance of footings ( for illustration, â€Å" short, average and long-run † and ‘forever ‘ ) has resulted in how SA is seen to accomplish sustainable results. Reductionism versus holistic theory Sustainability appraisal procedure can be carried out by using different attacks and tools runing from indexs to a system-based attack with greater stakeholder engagement. ( Gasparatos et al. , 2009 ) . Amongst academicians/practitioners, there is a current argument on which appraisal procedure ( reductionism or holistic theory ) is best for measuring SA advancement towards sustainability. Reductionism defined by Bond and Morrison-Saunders ( 2011, p.2 ) is â€Å" the interrupting down complex procedures to simple footings or constituent parts † †¦ and â€Å" in the context of SA, this can be illustrated by the attack taken of utilizing a few selected sustainability indexs to stand for the sustainability of a whole system † . Besides Bond and Morrison Saunders ( 2009 ) noted that the cardinal constituent of any SA is holding a suited sustainability index, which are associated with set sustainability aims and marks, to guarantee that undertaking, program or programmes achieve sustainable results. George, ( 1999 ) besides argued that appraisal done aggregately ( holistic theory ) , tends to hide any signifier of possible trade-offs between single facets or constituents. For illustration, impairment in quality of life for some societal groups may non go evident, and potentially unsustainable environmental effects may travel undetected. He suggested that this defect can be reduced if the appraisal is done in item, through single indexs for each of the relevant constituents. Costanza ( 2000 ) and Bond and Morrison-Saunders ( 2009 ) , noted that the flexibleness or â€Å" user friendliness † of reductionism is one of its chief advantages, given its ability to cut down the surfeit of the environmental impacts to a limited set of Numberss in order to incorporate societal, economic and environmental consideration into determination devising. On the other manus, there is besides an statement that environmental systems need to be considered as wholes instead than interrupt down units ( Holism ) . This is because the environment and human societies are complex systems which are dynamic and non-linear in nature, and are besides involved in complex interactions. Hence, understanding this complex system, requires a holistic attack, to to the full measure the cumulative consequence of all impacts moving together to hold unacceptable environmental effects. ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ; Cashmore, 2004 ; Gasparatos et al. , 2009, 2008 ; Morrison-Saunders and Bailey 2000 ) . Steinemann, ( 2000 ) , besides suggested that â€Å" traveling off from analyses of stray hazards and toward a broader apprehension of environment will necessitate a more holistic, incorporate position of impact appraisal † . Reductionism harmonizing to Gasparatos et al. , 2009 ) is presently still the dominant paradigm for sustainability appraisals. There are different grades of reductionism where complex systems are reduced to smaller figure steps or the utmost being a individual value ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . Examples of reductionist attack can been seen in the UK SAs undertaken for nucleus schemes of 38 local governments in England, where the greatest figure of indexs used was 151 and the lowest 24 ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . Discussion and Decision The success of Sustainability Assessment is dependent on a figure of different readings. The first measure is to admit this different reading, acknowledge that these reading influences what different stakeholders view SA in accomplishing sustainable results. Ideally, SA integrates societal, environmental and economic considerations at every phase in decision-making, but how this integrating should be carried out, without sing one facet more than the other has been a beginning of environmental contention. Some advocators of environmental appraisal suggested that environmental appraisal could lend to sustainability by widening its range to include societal and economic considerations along with environmental 1s ( Pope et al. , 2004 ) , while on the other manus many advocators of environmental assessment position sustainability appraisal with some intuition, seeing it as a possible mechanism for legalizing the trading off environmental concerns for socio-economic addition ( Pope and Grace 2006 ) . Evidences from SA patterns in several states ( for illustration, Western Australian Government Gorgon gas development ) have shown that the weak sustainability or anthropocentricity presently prevails in the universe today. Another facet considered in this paper is the job of intergenerational and intergenerational equity. What approaches would be best to turn to battalion of environmental, societal and economic issues, together with intergenerational and intergenerational equity concerns? A â€Å" pluralistic stewardship † that is, incorporating nucleus elements of anthropocentricity, biocentrism, and ecocentrism, has been suggested by Barrett and Grizzle ( 1999 ) , to be the best attack for SA to accomplish sustainable results. Gasparatos et al. , ( 2009 ) besides suggested that â€Å" methodological pluralism coupled with stakeholder engagement seems a safer way to step † . Hence, one can reason that no 1 valid procedure or point of view can supply an ample and appropriate solution to this issue ( SA accomplishing sustainable results ) . Besides any sustainability construct /related models or procedure must be adapted to suite regional and local conditions ( for illustration the different life anticipation in different states ) ( Lawrence, 1997 ) . In decision, it is apparent that Weak Sustainability with Reductionism remains the prevailing sustainability attacks in current sustainability docket, with strong focal point on short term sustainability additions instead than hunger for intergenerational equity. These different readings of sustainability, ( embracing timescale, reductionist and holistic ) is liken to the statement â€Å" beauty is in the eyes of the perceiver † . In other words, to the EIA practitioner/stakeholder/individual, their significance and reading of the term sustainability would find if SA has achieved sustainable result. How to cite What Are The Concepts Of Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Circular Flow in Economics free essay sample

Analysing the economic relationship between households and firms The household is the basic unit of analysis in many social, microeconomic and government models. The term refers to all individuals who live in the same dwelling. In economics, a household is a person or a group of people living in the same residence. Household are owners of the factors of production which is includes land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. Which are made available to firm that will pay factor incomes to the households. The firm will use the factors of production to produce output in the form of goods and services, which will purchase by the households. In buying the goods and services, households therefore incur expenditures. 2. 0 Circular Flow between Firm and Households The circular flows between firms and household may therefore be represented by the following 4 flows: Flow of factor of production from household to firms Flow of incomes from firm to household Flow of output of goods and services from firm to households Flow of expenditures from household to firm These four flows are illustrated as appendix 1. Outer flow of incomes and expenditures are flow of money, whereas the inner flows of factors of production and outputs are flows of goods and services. According to Google 2011 the basic circular flow of income model consists of seven assumptions it include the economy consists of two households and firms sectors, households spend all of their income on goods and services or consumption. There is no saving and all output produced by firms is purchased by households through their expenditure, there is no financial, government, overseas sector. Last it is a closed economy with no exports or imports. Withdrawals occur when there are movements of funds out of the circular flow of income. 3. 1 Saving (S) Households may not speed all the factors income received on current consumption, preferring to keep some for later deferred consumption. The first is the Financial Sector that consists of banks and non-bank intermediaries who engage in the borrowing (savings from households) and lending of money. In terms of the circular flow of income model the ithdrawals that financial institutions provide in the economy is the option for households to save their money. This is a withdrawal because the saved money cannot be spent in the economy and thus is an idle asset that means not all output will be purchased. 3. 2 Taxation (T) The next sector introduced into the circular flow of income is the Government Sector that consists of the economic activities of local, state and federal governments. The withdrawal that the Government sector prov ides is through the collection of revenue through Taxes (T) that is provided by households and firms to the government. A tax is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced contribution, exacted pursuant to legislative authority and is any contribution imposed by government. For example income tax is compulsory charge by the government to the people who is salary RM3000 and above for a month. 3. 3 Import (M) Households may prefer to purchase goods and services from abroad instead of consuming domestically produced goods and services. In the circular flow of income model is the overseas sector which transforms the model from a closed economy to an open economy. The main withdrawal from this sector are imports (M), which represent spending by residents into the rest of the world. There are two basic types of import which is include industrial and consumer good, intermediate goods and service. For example we will import the apple for other country which is not suitable plant in our country. Injections occur when there are movements of funds into circular flow of income. 3. 4 Investment (I) The injection that the financial sector provides into the economy is investment (I) into the business or firms sector. The household will save some of their income for the investment. An example of a group in the finance sector includes banks such as Public Bank, May Bank and CIMB Bank in Malaysia. The household can make the investment from the particular bank. 3. 5 Government Expenditures (G) The injection provided by the government sector is Government spending (G) that provides collective services and welfare payments to the community. For example the income tax collected by the government can be use when the government redistributes this income in the form of welfare payments, it is a form of government spending back into the economy. . 6 Exports (X) Firms may sell some of their goods and services to other countries. The expenditure from abroad becomes an injection into the economy. For example of the use of the overseas sector is Malaysia exporting wool to China, China pays the exporter of the wool (the farmer) therefore more money enters the economy thus making it an injection. 4. 0 Conclusion In my opinion the four factor of production which include land, c apital, labor, and entrepreneurship is very important to produce the goods or service and purchases by household. In economics, the terms circular flow of income or circular flow refer to a simple economic model which describes the reciprocal circulation of income between producers and consumers. In the circular flow model, the inter-dependent entities of producer and consumer are referred to as firms and households respectively and provide each other with factors in order to facilitate the flow of income. Firms provide consumers with goods and services in exchange for consumer expenditure and factors of production from households. More complete and realistic circular flow models are more complex. They would explicitly include the roles of government and financial markets, along with imports and exports. Question 2 How do the potential outputs of an economy increase? 1. 0 Introduction Long- term economic growth will only occur in the long run when there is an increase in the potential output (productivity) over time. Potential output in macroeconomics corresponds to one point on the production possibilities frontier or curve for a society as a whole seen in introductory economics, reflecting natural, technological, and institutional constraints. Any changes or increase in Aggregate Demand or output levels or level of economic activity which still within the potential output level is simply a situation of changes in the level of employment from over-employment to full employment to under-employment to unemployment. If there is no increase in potential output overtime, long term economic growth will not occur. Aggregate Demand of an economy is the sum of the total expenditure or spending incurred by household, firms and the government. 2. 0 Economic Resources There are 4 overall types of economic resources which include Capital, Labor, Land, and Entrepreneurship. Economics resources also call input or factors of production. They are factors that are combined in the production process to produce goods and services call output. 2. 1. 0 Capital Capital is any human-made input used to produce goods. There are three types of capital: construction, machinery and equipment, inventory. 2. 1. 1 Construction Construction includes large human-made structures such as factories, roads, bridges, and airport. 2. 1. 2 Machinery and Equipment Machinery and equipment is a device that uses energy to perform some activity such as computer, machine, and hammers. 2. 1. Inventories Inventories which are unsold goods, includes good in the process of being produced that will be either consumed in the near future or will be made into finished consumer goods. 2. 2 Labor Labor is known as human resources which are consist partly of the ability of worker to perform physical tasks on the job, such as turning a screw of hauling materials to a particular site. Human resourc es is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals. 2. 3 Land In economics, land comprises all naturally occurring resources whose supply is inherently fixed. For examples geographical locations, mineral deposits, and even geostationary orbit locations and portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Natural resources are fundamental to the production of all goods, including capital goods. Location values must not be confused with values imparted by fixed capital improvements. . 4 Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur, which can be defined as one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods. This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity. The most obvious form of ent repreneurship is that of starting new businesses. Entrepreneurs will usually invest their own financial capital in a business for example their savings, and take on the risks associated with a business investment. The reward to this risk-taking is the profit made from running the business. 3. 0 Quantity of Resources Available This involves an increase in capital, stock of capital, new investments and capital flows from abroad, improvements in balance of payment. Labor which growth in working population, more women joining work force, migration of foreign worker and professionals. Land, reclamation from the sea, clearing up jungles and marginal land, opening of new highways, discovery of oil fields, new diamonds deposit. Last is the entrepreneurship which population growth and migration of professionals. 4. Productivity of Resource Available This involves an improvement in capital with new investment opportunities, more efficient ROI, more technologically advanced machinery, mechanization, automation, artificial intelligence, improved or speedier transportation, improve communications. Next is improve new skill of labor, provide better health, training and education. New production technology n eed to improve in land sector, such as more efficient utilization, wastage reduction procedures, innovation, research and development. Entrepreneurship extended life-span, more training and higher education. Long term economic growth depends largely on technological progress. 5. 0 Conclusion In conclusion a government will implement policies to spur high economic growth to help its economy achieve full employment or low unemployment. However, such policies may later cause inflation that leads to balance of payment deficits and thereafter a weaken exchange rate. In my opinion economic growth is very important to a country, the 4 economic resources which include land, capital, labor, and entrepreneurship, must be fully utilize for the potential outputs. Potential outputs of an economy can increased if there is an increase in either or both quantity and productivity resources available in term of increase and improve economic resources, which include capital, labor, lad, and entrepreneurship. Question 3 What are the causes of unemployment? 1. 0 Introduction Nowadays, economic crisis is happened which is cause the unstable of economic in all the country all over the world. The federal government conducts a survey each month to determine the persons, 16 year or older, who are unemployed. The results of this survey are used to calculate the unemployment rate. Unemployment mean that the state of a worker who is able and willing to take work but cannot find it. Unemployment rate plays an important role in the economy of a country because unemployment rate will lead to recession and inflation which will increase the price of the product. In Malaysia, the employee also facing a higher unemployment rate because of the economic unstable all over the world. Unemployment rate can be categorizes into few types such as frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, seasonal unemployment, technological unemployment and hidden unemployment. These unemployment rates are usually happened in Malaysia. . 0 Frictional Unemployment Frictional unemployment occurs when a people leave the job to another. (Google, 2011). The time period when the person searching new better job is known as frictional unemployment. Frictional unemployment is not considered to be a problem to the economy since mobility is needed for economic growth. The person that experience frictional unemployment will whether they are resigns voluntary or decapitate by the company will not find their job in a short time. They will use more time to find a job which gives them a better offer in terms of salary, bonus, welfare and etc. For example a junior manager just graduate with Master qualification usually will no more stay at the job with a salary of RM2500. The junior manager will search for a job which will offer him a higher position together with a higher salary. Similarly for company, they also will take a longer time to get more candidates so that the company can hire a good quality of staff. The periods that the person searching for better jobs are known as a frictional unemployment. Workers as well as employers accept a certain level of imperfection, risk or compromise, but usually not right away, they will invest some time and effort to find a better match. . 0 Structural Unemployment Structural unemployment occurs when the number of jobs in a labor market are unable to provide substantial jobs for everyone who wants one. This type of structural unemployment is usually cause by economy changes such as changes in taste, fashion on competition from substitutes or trend where an industry need more labor while another industry will reduce their demand of labor. For example because of economy unstable many factory are force to cut down the number of employee in order to maintain the company. Therefore the demand of labor in Intel will be reduce which will lead to structural unemployment. The employee will try to change into other industry such as bank, hotel so that they can get a job during economic unstable. 4. 0 Seasonal Unemployment Seasonal employment refers to a situation where a number of persons are not able to find jobs during some months or season of the year. The employee who experience seasonal unemployment will usually won’t have a stable job because their job is not fixed and the salary every month is also unstable. For example, fisherman will experience seasonal unemployment because they won’t have job everyday and every month. The fisherman will don’t have more jobs during the month that raining season. However, they will become employed after raining season. 5. 0 Technological Unemployment Technological unemployment occur when the application of new technology, either by eliminating jobs or by changing the nature of work so that those who had performed the work no longer have applicable skills to do so. For example, the introduction of UPC scanners at retail checkout counters permits fewer employees to perform the same amount of work compared to when prices had to be input into a register. Likewise, utilization of robots in manufacturing plants has reduced the number of employees required to produce most products. 6. 0 Hidden Unemployment Hidden, or covered, unemployment is the unemployment of potential workers that is not reflected in official unemployment statistics, due to the way the statistics are collected. There is only those who have no work but are actively looking for work are counted as unemployed. Those who have given up looking for work and sometimes those who are on Government retraining programs are not officially counted among the unemployed, even though they are not employed. The same applies to those who have taken early retirement to avoid being laid off, but would prefer to be working. The statistic also does not count the underemployed and those with part time or seasonal jobs who would rather have full time jobs. In addition, those who are of working age but are currently in full-time education are usually not considered unemployed in government statistics. Because of hidden unemployment, official statistics often underestimate unemployment rates. Top of Form Bottom of Form 7. 0 Conclusion Many economists feel that the reported unemployment rate does not accurately reflect the true number of people unemployed. First the people working part-time because they cannot find full-time employment are not counted as part of unemployed, they are treated as being fully employed. Second, people working in jobs for which they are overqualified are treated as fully employed rather than underemployed. Finally who has quit looking for work is not counted as being a part of the labor force. Some people stop looking due to the frustration of not being able to find work rather than the desire not to work. In conclusion, unemployment describes the state of a worker who is able and willing to take work but cannot find it. Unemployment rate can be categorizes into few types such as frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, seasonal unemployment, and technological unemployment. Question 4 Unemployment may be defines as the number or percentage of those working age who are available and willing to work at current rates but are still without work. What could be the possible cost of being unemployed? 1. 0 Introduction Unemployment may be defines as the number or percentage of those working age who are available and willing to work at current rates but are still without work. Therefore, unemployment rate only involve the following: Working age hence children, pensioners and senior citizens of retirement age are not included. Available and willing hence those of working age( more than 16) but choose not to work will not be included. At current wage rates hence those who are not willing to work at the price offered will not be included. The unemployment rate is therefore a percentage of the total labor force who are unemployed and which is not part of the labor resources for the conduct of national production, but still have to spend the national wealth The labor force is hence the number of unemployed working adults willing to work at current wage rates. The following are the cost of unemployment: 2. 0 Financial Cost to the unemployed person This is direct cost due to the lost in earning of the individual, measured as the different between previous wage and current unemployment benefits, if any. Unemployed individuals are unable to earn money to meet financial obligations. Failure to pay mortgage payments or to pay rent may lead to homelessness through foreclosure or eviction and the family maybe will fall in financial difficulty immediately. 3. 0 Personal Cost of being unemployed This will affect the self-esteem and spirit of the individuals, the longer they are unemployed, which may result in stress-related illnesses, social problem such as smoking, alcohol and drug. The person who is in unemployment may loss of self-reliance of the individual and deterioration of self-confidence and they may be will suicide. For example 4. 0 Societal Cost of unemployment This will affect the family and friends of the unemployed individuals, the longer they are unemployed, which may lead to domestic violence, divorce and separation, abandoned families or children. The large unemployed population will lead to social unrest such as theft, robbery fraud and other crime. According to the Official statistics of Royal Malaysia Police, Violent rimes report to police by types of crimes and states Malaysia 2010, the violent crimes report of year 2011, it include gang robbery, robbery, crime threat the cases still maintain in high level in certain state. One of the causes of the high crime rate in Malaysia is relate to unemployment in our country. This is because of damage to the psychological well-being of the unemployed, and deterioration of physical well-being of the un employed. 5. 0 Economic Cost due to lost of national output/ growth This will widen the gap between actual output and potential output, hence limiting the possibility of economic growth. Other worker will also lose additional wages, since national output is lower than levels at full employment. Workers can work to maintain and improve the work skills and work attitudes, in particular the rapid technological advances of today, the long-term unemployment is not only a waste of existing job skills, cannot accumulate new skills, which will lose in the future labor market competitiveness and productivity, and thus a higher loss of employment income opportunities. he waste of economic resources or output reduction. The economic cost of unemployment is one of the waste of resources or reduce output. Unemployed if not unemployed, or human resources can be fully effective use, it can increase the output, but the output reduction due to unemployment. 6. 0 Cost to the government The cost to the government may be counted as reduction in tax since unemployed do n ot pay personal income tax. An income tax is a tax levied on the income of individuals or businesses (corporations or other legal entities). Various income tax systems exist, with varying degrees of tax incidence. Income taxation can be progressive, proportional, or regressive. When the tax is levied on the income of companies, it is often called a corporate tax, corporate income tax, or profit tax. Individual income taxes often tax the total income of the individual (with some deductions permitted), while corporate income taxes often tax net income (the difference between gross receipts, expenses, and additional write-offs). Various systems define income differently, and often allow notional reductions of income (such as a reduction based on number of children supported). If the particular people is unemployment, then sure do not have any income tax need to pay by the particular people. Next is increase in administrative and benefit cost, since some countries provide unemployment benefits. This part of the loss of employment income by unemployment allowances, vouchers or other government transfer payments, in part, be compensated, but the experience of countries shows that these allowances should be less than the loss of employment income, employment income, only about 50% -60% Reduction in corporation tax revenues since firms are likely to make lesser profit from the lower output level, and reduction in other tax revenues from services tax, excise duties on household consumption and expenditures since household will have lesser factor income to spend. According to Wikipedia 2011 high levels of unemployment can be causes of civil unrest, in some cases leading to revolution, and particularly totalitarianism. The fall of the Weimar Republic in 1933 and Adolf Hitlers rise to power, which culminated in World War II and the deaths of tens of millions and the destruction of much of the physical capital of Europe, is attributed to the poor economic conditions in Germany at the time, notably a high unemployment rate. 7. Conclusion Unemployment may be defines as the number or percentage of those working age who are available and willing to work at current rates but are still without work. In conclusion the possible cost of unemployed includes loss of earnings to the unemployed and for those who are unemployed will find it more difficult to get work in the future. Lower GDP for the economy, the economy will be below full capacity this is inefficient and will lead to lower output and incomes. Beside that unemployment will lead to increase in social problems especially areas of high unemployment, tend to have more crime and vandalism. In my opinion the crisis of unemployment must be soft as soon as possible by the government. Government should attract more foreign investor invest in our country, and create the employment opportunities to reduce the unemployment rate.